This gene encodes a neuroendocrine peptide that is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and also the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adrenal gland and urogenital tract. The encoded protein is a precursor that is proteolytically processed to generate two mature peptides: galanin and galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP). Galanin has diverse physiological functions including nociception, feeding and energy homeostasis, osmotic regulation and water balance. GMAP has been demonstrated to possess antifungal activity and hypothesized to be part of the innate immune system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for GAL. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = GAL upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of GAL, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr11:68,459,835–68,461,497 | 224.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1017 | |
| chr11:68,677,547–68,677,796 | 6.7 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 256 | |
| chr11:68,683,947–68,685,063 | 75 bp | At TSS Multiome | 317 | |
| chr11:68,749,819–68,752,106 | 67.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 601 | |
| chr11:68,839,165–68,839,925 | 154.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 821 | |
| chr11:68,840,765–68,842,245 | 157.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 567 | |
| chr11:68,843,712–68,844,382 | 159.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 675 | |
| chr11:68,855,267–68,855,945 | 171.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 230 | |
| chr11:68,879,344–68,879,843 | 195.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 69 | |
| chr11:68,903,762–68,904,282 | 219.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1004 |
Genomic view of the GAL locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.