Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms were identified through sequence analysis although some may be subject to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for MRPL21. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = MRPL21 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of MRPL21, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr11:68,683,947–68,685,063 | 219.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 317 | |
| chr11:68,749,819–68,752,106 | 152.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 601 | |
| chr11:68,839,165–68,839,925 | 64.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 821 | |
| chr11:68,840,765–68,842,245 | 61.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 567 | |
| chr11:68,843,712–68,844,382 | 59.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 675 | |
| chr11:68,855,267–68,855,945 | 48.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 230 | |
| chr11:68,879,344–68,879,843 | 24.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 69 | |
| chr11:68,903,762–68,904,282 | 92 bp | At TSS Multiome | 1004 | |
| chr11:69,010,998–69,011,634 | 107.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 255 | |
| chr11:69,013,121–69,013,629 | 109.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 143 | |
| chr11:69,048,479–69,049,470 | 145.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 583 | |
| chr11:69,122,768–69,123,396 | 219.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 565 |
Genomic view of the MRPL21 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.