The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signals of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, morphogenesis, development and immune responses. In response to BMP ligands, this protein can be phosphorylated and activated by the BMP receptor kinase. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1 and SMURF2, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for SMAD1. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = SMAD1 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of SMAD1, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr4:145,481,315–145,483,013 | 141 bp | At TSS Multiome | 700 | |
| chr4:145,492,477–145,492,819 | 9.7 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 11 | |
| chr4:145,618,861–145,619,971 | 137.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 997 | |
| chr4:145,703,274–145,705,032 | 222.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 271 | |
| chr4:145,729,525–145,730,444 | 248.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 46 | |
| chr4:145,732,348–145,733,906 | 251.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 591 |
Genomic view of the SMAD1 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.