Peroxisome proliferators include hypolipidemic drugs, herbicides, leukotriene antagonists, and plasticizers; this term arises because they induce an increase in the size and number of peroxisomes. Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles found in plants and animals that contain enzymes for respiration and for cholesterol and lipid metabolism. The action of peroxisome proliferators is thought to be mediated via specific receptors, called PPARs, which belong to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs affect the expression of target genes involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and in immune and inflammation responses. Three closely related subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma) have been identified. This gene encodes the subtype PPAR-alpha, which is a nuclear transcription factor. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene, although the full-length nature of only two has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for PPARA. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = PPARA upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of PPARA, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr22:45,849,833–45,850,431 | 300.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 19 | |
| chr22:45,978,612–45,979,356 | 171.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 567 | |
| chr22:46,013,459–46,014,306 | 136.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 814 | |
| chr22:46,035,443–46,036,717 | 114.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 735 | |
| chr22:46,061,373–46,062,193 | 88.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 257 | |
| chr22:46,070,177–46,072,638 | 79.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 557 | |
| chr22:46,116,470–46,116,929 | 33.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 471 | |
| chr22:46,149,521–46,151,433 | 173 bp | At TSS Multiome | 562 | |
| chr22:46,201,176–46,201,774 | 51.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 124 | |
| chr22:46,249,918–46,250,866 | 99.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 831 | |
| chr22:46,262,531–46,263,383 | 112.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 169 | |
| chr22:46,267,542–46,268,277 | 117.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 725 | |
| chr22:46,296,072–46,297,498 | 146.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 810 | |
| chr22:46,335,274–46,336,005 | 185.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 911 |
Genomic view of the PPARA locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.