Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S21P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 1q, 9p, 10p, 10q, 16q, and 17q. Available sequence data analyses identified splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR; both transcripts encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for MRPS21. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = MRPS21 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of MRPS21, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr1:150,010,143–150,011,088 | 283.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 961 | |
| chr1:150,066,903–150,067,886 | 226.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 986 | |
| chr1:150,149,493–150,150,439 | 143.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 448 | |
| chr1:150,162,838–150,163,636 | 130.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 550 | |
| chr1:150,213,532–150,214,095 | 80.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 441 | |
| chr1:150,234,435–150,235,519 | 59.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 725 | |
| chr1:150,235,635–150,236,696 | 57.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 905 | |
| chr1:150,255,443–150,256,199 | 38.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 441 | |
| chr1:150,256,563–150,257,324 | 36.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 223 | |
| chr1:150,257,589–150,258,594 | 35.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 233 | |
| chr1:150,259,728–150,260,778 | 33.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 362 | |
| chr1:150,268,574–150,269,453 | 24.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 785 | |
| chr1:150,281,629–150,283,038 | 11.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 503 | |
| chr1:150,293,680–150,294,144 | 11 bp | At TSS Multiome | 755 | |
| chr1:150,313,761–150,314,506 | 20.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 108 | |
| chr1:150,321,137–150,321,825 | 27.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 806 | |
| chr1:150,363,368–150,364,980 | 70.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 971 | |
| chr1:150,487,154–150,487,710 | 193.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 929 | |
| chr1:150,515,085–150,516,227 | 221.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 781 | |
| chr1:150,548,849–150,549,823 | 255.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 620 | |
| chr1:150,560,828–150,562,623 | 267.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 897 | |
| chr1:150,578,554–150,580,300 | 285.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 990 |
Genomic view of the MRPS21 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.