HMGB1
high mobility group box 1 | DKFZp686A04236, HMG3, SBP-1, HMG1

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the High Mobility Group-box superfamily. The encoded non-histone, nuclear DNA-binding protein regulates transcription, and is involved in organization of DNA. This protein plays a role in several cellular processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation and tumor cell migration. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene have been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

Member of: DE-1 DE-1.7 Developmental clusters: GC4
Biological processes 153 terms
C-X-C chemokine binding (GO:0019958)DNA binding (GO:0003677)DNA binding, bending (GO:0008301)DNA binding, bending (GO:0008301)DNA geometric change (GO:0032392)DNA metabolic process (GO:0006259)DNA polymerase binding (GO:0070182)DNA recombination (GO:0006310)DNA topological change (GO:0006265)DNA-binding transcription factor binding (GO:0140297)RAGE receptor binding (GO:0050786)RNA binding (GO:0003723)RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding (GO:0061629)T-helper 1 cell activation (GO:0035711)T-helper 1 cell differentiation (GO:0045063)V(D)J recombination (GO:0033151)activation of innate immune response (GO:0002218)alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complex (GO:0035868)apoptotic cell clearance (GO:0043277)base-excision repair (GO:0006284)bubble DNA binding (GO:0000405)calcium-dependent protein kinase regulator activity (GO:0010858)cell surface (GO:0009986)cellular response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0071222)cellular response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0071222)chemoattractant activity (GO:0042056)chromatin organization (GO:0006325)chromatin remodeling (GO:0006338)chromosome (GO:0005694)condensed chromosome (GO:0000793)condensed chromosome (GO:0000793)cytokine activity (GO:0005125)cytokine activity (GO:0005125)cytoplasm (GO:0005737)damaged DNA binding (GO:0003684)damaged DNA binding (GO:0003684)damaged DNA binding (GO:0003684)dendritic cell chemotaxis (GO:0002407)double-strand break repair (GO:0006302)double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining (GO:0006303)double-stranded DNA binding (GO:0003690)double-stranded DNA binding (GO:0003690)double-stranded RNA binding (GO:0003725)early endosome (GO:0005769)endodeoxyribonuclease activator activity (GO:0140656)endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783)endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783)endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (GO:0005793)endosome (GO:0005768)endothelial cell chemotaxis (GO:0035767)endothelial cell proliferation (GO:0001935)extracellular region (GO:0005576)extracellular region (GO:0005576)extracellular region (GO:0005576)extracellular region (GO:0005576)extracellular region (GO:0005576)ficolin-1-rich granule lumen (GO:1904813)four-way junction DNA binding (GO:0000400)heterochromatin formation (GO:0031507)immune response (GO:0006955)inflammatory response (GO:0006954)inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus (GO:0002437)integrin binding (GO:0005178)lipopolysaccharide binding (GO:0001530)lyase activity (GO:0016829)macrophage activation involved in immune response (GO:0002281)myeloid dendritic cell activation (GO:0001773)myeloid dendritic cell activation (GO:0001773)negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation (GO:0043371)negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly (GO:0017055)negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance (GO:2000426)negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration (GO:0043537)negative regulation of endothelial cell migration (GO:0010596)negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0000122)negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0000122)negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0000122)negative regulation of type II interferon production (GO:0032689)neuron projection (GO:0043005)neuron projection development (GO:0031175)neutrophil clearance (GO:0097350)nucleoplasm (GO:0005654)nucleoplasm (GO:0005654)nucleus (GO:0005634)nucleus (GO:0005634)nucleus (GO:0005634)nucleus (GO:0005634)phosphatidylserine binding (GO:0001786)plasma membrane (GO:0005886)plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation (GO:0002270)positive chemotaxis (GO:0050918)positive regulation of DNA binding (GO:0043388)positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade (GO:0070374)positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade (GO:0070374)positive regulation of JNK cascade (GO:0046330)positive regulation of MAPK cascade (GO:0043410)positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation (GO:0042104)positive regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043065)positive regulation of autophagy (GO:0010508)positive regulation of autophagy (GO:0010508)positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration (GO:0043536)positive regulation of cell differentiation (GO:0045597)positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production (GO:2000343)positive regulation of chemokine production (GO:0032722)positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration (GO:0007204)positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation (GO:2001200)positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation (GO:0001938)positive regulation of innate immune response (GO:0045089)positive regulation of interferon-alpha production (GO:0032727)positive regulation of interferon-beta production (GO:0032728)positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production (GO:0032731)positive regulation of interleukin-1 production (GO:0032732)positive regulation of interleukin-1 production (GO:0032732)positive regulation of interleukin-10 production (GO:0032733)positive regulation of interleukin-12 production (GO:0032735)positive regulation of interleukin-6 production (GO:0032755)positive regulation of interleukin-6 production (GO:0032755)positive regulation of interleukin-8 production (GO:0032757)positive regulation of mismatch repair (GO:0032425)positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production (GO:0071639)positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis (GO:0090026)positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:1901224)positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis (GO:1903672)positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway (GO:0034137)positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway (GO:0034145)positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway (GO:0034165)positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0045944)positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production (GO:0032760)positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production (GO:0032760)positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation (GO:1905564)positive regulation of viral entry into host cell (GO:0046598)positive regulation of wound healing (GO:0090303)protein binding (GO:0005515)protein kinase activator activity (GO:0030295)receptor ligand activity (GO:0048018)receptor ligand activity (GO:0048018)regulation of DNA metabolic process (GO:0051052)regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell (GO:0002840)regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell (GO:0002840)regulation of hemopoiesis (GO:1903706)regulation of nucleotide-excision repair (GO:2000819)regulation of tolerance induction (GO:0002643)regulation of tolerance induction (GO:0002643)regulation of viral process (GO:0050792)secretory granule lumen (GO:0034774)signal transduction (GO:0007165)single-stranded DNA binding (GO:0003697)single-stranded RNA binding (GO:0003727)supercoiled DNA binding (GO:0097100)transcription cis-regulatory region binding (GO:0000976)transcription coactivator activity (GO:0003713)transcription corepressor activity (GO:0003714)transcription corepressor activity (GO:0003714)transcription repressor complex (GO:0017053)
Expression (TPM)
HMGB1 — as a Regulated Gene

TFs regulating HMGB1 0 TFs

Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for HMGB1. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = HMGB1 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.

Data: Effect:
TF Mean coef Binding Outlier TF→Gene link

Elements linked to HMGB1

Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of HMGB1, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.

Accessibility Element Dist. to TSS Link type TFs
chr13:30,182,219–30,182,971 283.4 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 134
chr13:30,306,729–30,307,939 158.8 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 756
chr13:30,408,104–30,408,932 57.4 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 692
chr13:30,421,116–30,422,727 43.7 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 513
chr13:30,445,442–30,446,304 20.1 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 484
chr13:30,464,236–30,465,228 1.2 kb Proximal (<10kb) Multiome 645
chr13:30,465,545–30,466,629 116 bp At TSS Multiome 658
chr13:30,616,955–30,618,550 151.8 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR 1201
chr13:30,673,480–30,674,640 208.3 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 857
chr13:30,740,081–30,740,925 274.6 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 313
chr13:30,756,867–30,757,734 291.4 kb Distal (>10kb) Multiome 123

Genome Browser

Genomic view of the HMGB1 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.

chr13:30,172,219 – 30,767,734
Proximal 1 kb Distal 10 kb Multiome HiCAR ATAC-seq RNA-seq