This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein plays a role in the development of the nervous and other organ systems, and may regulate aging. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for GDF11. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = GDF11 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of GDF11, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr12:55,630,484–55,631,684 | 112.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 41 | |
| chr12:55,645,990–55,646,787 | 96.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 520 | |
| chr12:55,681,171–55,682,136 | 61.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 647 | |
| chr12:55,707,276–55,708,500 | 35.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 372 | |
| chr12:55,715,733–55,716,775 | 26.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 929 | |
| chr12:55,727,952–55,730,453 | 13.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 895 | |
| chr12:55,736,969–55,737,781 | 5.9 kb | Proximal (<10kb) Multiome | 496 | |
| chr12:55,737,830–55,739,085 | 4.6 kb | Proximal (<10kb) Multiome | 475 | |
| chr12:55,742,540–55,744,252 | 57 bp | At TSS Multiome | 631 | |
| chr12:55,745,091–55,746,361 | 2.7 kb | Proximal (<10kb) Multiome | 299 | |
| chr12:55,817,254–55,818,558 | 74.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 749 | |
| chr12:55,829,008–55,831,505 | 86.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 921 | |
| chr12:55,926,651–55,928,471 | 183.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 993 | |
| chr12:55,931,904–55,932,439 | 189.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 279 | |
| chr12:55,940,073–55,940,746 | 197.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 478 | |
| chr12:55,966,006–55,967,470 | 223.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 615 | |
| chr12:55,973,347–55,974,716 | 230.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 966 | |
| chr12:55,996,814–55,997,861 | 254.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 680 | |
| chr12:56,006,888–56,008,461 | 264.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 745 | |
| chr12:56,020,644–56,021,511 | 277.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 364 | |
| chr12:56,041,220–56,042,537 | 298.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1035 |
Genomic view of the GDF11 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.