Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition, three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9, 12 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for ATP5PD. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = ATP5PD upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of ATP5PD, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr17:74,745,827–74,747,102 | 300.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 213 | |
| chr17:74,748,109–74,749,683 | 298.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 915 | |
| chr17:74,775,871–74,776,940 | 270.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 798 | |
| chr17:74,842,511–74,843,541 | 204.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 412 | |
| chr17:74,852,259–74,853,211 | 194.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 435 | |
| chr17:74,872,506–74,873,926 | 173.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1008 | |
| chr17:74,893,600–74,894,183 | 153.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 189 | |
| chr17:74,923,198–74,923,804 | 123.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 543 | |
| chr17:74,972,019–74,973,116 | 74.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 607 | |
| chr17:74,982,006–74,982,936 | 64.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 952 | |
| chr17:74,987,081–74,988,770 | 59.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 702 | |
| chr17:75,012,158–75,013,285 | 34.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1058 | |
| chr17:75,033,550–75,035,757 | 11.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1228 | |
| chr17:75,036,552–75,037,040 | 9.9 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 387 | |
| chr17:75,041,736–75,042,280 | 4.7 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 108 | |
| chr17:75,044,818–75,045,656 | 1.3 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 154 | |
| chr17:75,046,451–75,047,855 | 109 bp | At TSS Multiome | 961 | |
| chr17:75,087,344–75,088,429 | 40.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 717 | |
| chr17:75,089,013–75,089,866 | 42.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 406 | |
| chr17:75,104,838–75,106,094 | 58.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 454 | |
| chr17:75,109,401–75,110,734 | 62.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 762 | |
| chr17:75,113,757–75,114,535 | 67.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 585 | |
| chr17:75,130,577–75,132,090 | 84.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 990 | |
| chr17:75,153,354–75,155,273 | 107.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 993 | |
| chr17:75,182,199–75,183,441 | 136.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 908 | |
| chr17:75,205,060–75,205,995 | 158.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 975 | |
| chr17:75,240,373–75,240,941 | 193.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 436 | |
| chr17:75,261,304–75,262,404 | 214.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 983 | |
| chr17:75,270,231–75,271,942 | 224.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 946 | |
| chr17:75,288,761–75,289,874 | 242.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 941 | |
| chr17:75,346,809–75,347,324 | 300.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 265 |
Genomic view of the ATP5PD locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.