Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. In metazoans, 9 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for glutamine (gln), glutamic acid (glu), and 7 other amino acids are associated within a multienzyme complex. Although present in eukaryotes, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (QARS) is absent from many prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in which Gln-tRNA(Gln) is formed by transamidation of the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for QARS1. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = QARS1 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of QARS1, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr3:48,847,059–48,848,224 | 257.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 772 | |
| chr3:48,898,423–48,899,110 | 205.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 739 | |
| chr3:48,918,234–48,919,609 | 185.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 877 | |
| chr3:48,989,537–48,991,069 | 114.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 552 | |
| chr3:49,003,975–49,004,995 | 100.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 209 | |
| chr3:49,006,738–49,008,496 | 96.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 955 | |
| chr3:49,017,789–49,018,870 | 86.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 780 | |
| chr3:49,020,066–49,022,597 | 83.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1064 | |
| chr3:49,028,856–49,029,800 | 75.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 974 | |
| chr3:49,093,005–49,094,956 | 10.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 944 | |
| chr3:49,104,279–49,105,309 | 28 bp | At TSS Multiome | 712 | |
| chr3:49,120,575–49,121,282 | 16.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 765 | |
| chr3:49,132,603–49,133,965 | 29.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 652 | |
| chr3:49,166,057–49,166,586 | 61.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 622 | |
| chr3:49,170,896–49,171,950 | 66.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 781 | |
| chr3:49,276,912–49,277,398 | 172.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 291 | |
| chr3:49,339,607–49,340,853 | 235.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1044 | |
| chr3:49,357,868–49,359,083 | 253.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 908 |
Genomic view of the QARS1 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.