Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for MRPL4. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = MRPL4 upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of MRPL4, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr19:10,027,570–10,028,022 | 224.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 753 | |
| chr19:10,086,000–10,086,942 | 165.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 614 | |
| chr19:10,095,848–10,096,951 | 155.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 572 | |
| chr19:10,106,123–10,106,748 | 145.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 842 | |
| chr19:10,113,011–10,113,478 | 138.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 511 | |
| chr19:10,119,464–10,120,287 | 132.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 818 | |
| chr19:10,194,229–10,195,372 | 57.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 939 | |
| chr19:10,230,671–10,231,665 | 20.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 595 | |
| chr19:10,251,723–10,252,663 | 62 bp | At TSS Multiome | 969 | |
| chr19:10,259,092–10,259,298 | 7.1 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 265 | |
| chr19:10,269,513–10,270,051 | 17.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 523 | |
| chr19:10,270,913–10,271,370 | 19.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 753 | |
| chr19:10,286,849–10,287,511 | 35.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 621 | |
| chr19:10,288,709–10,290,833 | 36.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 688 | |
| chr19:10,292,085–10,293,198 | 40.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 441 | |
| chr19:10,315,359–10,316,478 | 64.0 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 830 | |
| chr19:10,332,816–10,334,107 | 81.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 882 | |
| chr19:10,334,573–10,335,642 | 83.1 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 584 | |
| chr19:10,352,359–10,354,435 | 100.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 447 | |
| chr19:10,380,209–10,381,218 | 128.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 874 | |
| chr19:10,403,282–10,404,914 | 151.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 794 | |
| chr19:10,416,245–10,417,312 | 164.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 988 | |
| chr19:10,417,499–10,421,409 | 168.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 801 | |
| chr19:10,424,198–10,424,839 | 172.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 563 | |
| chr19:10,431,990–10,432,435 | 180.3 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 301 | |
| chr19:10,460,915–10,461,960 | 209.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 340 | |
| chr19:10,502,251–10,503,615 | 250.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 1013 | |
| chr19:10,514,009–10,514,960 | 262.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 172 | |
| chr19:10,517,347–10,518,104 | 265.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 338 | |
| chr19:10,543,499–10,544,302 | 291.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 617 |
Genomic view of the MRPL4 locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.