This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In the cytoplasm, the gene product functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Extracellularly, the encoded protein (also referred to as neuroleukin) functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes survival of skeletal motor neurons and sensory neurons, and as a lymphokine that induces immunoglobulin secretion. The encoded protein is also referred to as autocrine motility factor based on an additional function as a tumor-secreted cytokine and angiogenic factor. Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for GPI. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = GPI upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of GPI, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr19:33,301,181–33,303,965 | 1062.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 945 | |
| chr19:34,134,218–34,135,012 | 230.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 833 | |
| chr19:34,171,846–34,173,343 | 192.8 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 945 | |
| chr19:34,254,036–34,255,321 | 110.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 742 | |
| chr19:34,358,965–34,360,056 | 5.8 kb | Proximal (<10kb) Multiome | 865 | |
| chr19:34,364,839–34,365,605 | 79 bp | At TSS Multiome | 554 | |
| chr19:34,404,022–34,405,020 | 39.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 883 | |
| chr19:34,428,165–34,428,863 | 63.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 809 | |
| chr19:34,480,917–34,482,711 | 116.4 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 520 | |
| chr19:34,501,375–34,501,856 | 136.5 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 590 |
Genomic view of the GPI locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.