The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]
Transcription factors with Perturb-seq knockdown data for GLUL. The Binding column indicates whether any binding evidence exists for this TF–gene pair (ChIP-seq or motif footprint peaks). The Mean coef is the average Perturb-seq regression coefficient across active gRNAs (positive = GLUL upregulated upon KD; negative = downregulated). The Outlier column indicates whether this gene is in the top or bottom 5% of all TF knockdown effects.
| TF | Mean coef | Binding | Outlier | TF→Gene link |
|---|
Open chromatin peaks (ATAC-seq) in the genomic neighbourhood of GLUL, linked by TSS proximity or chromatin conformation (Multiome / HiCAR). Each element overlaps at least one TF ChIP-seq binding site — the TFs column shows how many distinct TFs bind that element.
| Accessibility | Element | Dist. to TSS | Link type | TFs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr1:182,084,244–182,085,384 | 306.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 393 | |
| chr1:182,101,254–182,101,977 | 290.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 357 | |
| chr1:182,309,693–182,310,287 | 81.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 338 | |
| chr1:182,314,613–182,315,651 | 76.7 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 258 | |
| chr1:182,380,920–182,382,472 | 9.3 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 183 | |
| chr1:182,390,343–182,392,611 | 67 bp | At TSS Multiome | 1089 | |
| chr1:182,396,602–182,397,025 | 4.8 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 355 | |
| chr1:182,399,172–182,399,454 | 7.4 kb | Proximal (<10kb) | 56 | |
| chr1:182,603,748–182,604,847 | 212.6 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 617 | |
| chr1:182,611,551–182,612,259 | 220.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 222 | |
| chr1:182,614,397–182,617,189 | 223.2 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome | 882 | |
| chr1:182,789,198–182,790,098 | 397.9 kb | Distal (>10kb) Multiome HiCAR | 771 |
Genomic view of the GLUL locus showing ATAC-seq accessibility and RNA-seq expression across the ESC → DE time course, together with TF binding peaks and element-to-TSS loop connections.